Hacking Can Not Be Ethical - 1681 Words

Hacking cannot be considered ethical due to the fact that it damages a company s reputation. Hackers have no care in the world about the negatives that happen to you. They may not have anything against you but what you stand for. Erickson was the owner of a website known for political debates was hacked and his page on which he spent thousands of dollars on was hacked by Anonymous and became malicious. â€Å"Erickson spent $1,500 to rebuild his site with enhanced security measures. He also spent a considerable amount of time with Google’s appeals process to get his site relisted-- a process that took 3 months.† (KAVILANZ, PARIJA. Hacked by Anonymous. CNNMoney. Cable News Network, 29 May 2013. Web. 20 Mar. 2015.) When you are targeted by cyber terrorists they don t aim to just make a statement. They are there to hurt you. They demoralize the things you treasure and make all your prized possessions worthless. To build a website is not a cheap and easy process. Without pri or knowledge of web development you need to hire a web developer in order to do the work for you which can in turn cost you thousands of dollars. Erickson then had to rehire web devs and network analysts to get his entire web page restructured with better security. No one can say for sure who will be next. Many of these attacks can be very random and seemingly pointless, however, these hacker groups are still out there in the world doing what they seem to do best. Anonymous as you can note is one of the topShow MoreRelatedEthical Ethics And Ethical Hacking968 Words   |  4 Pagesdevelopment and issue is ethical hacking. To understand ethical hacking one must be able to define what it means to be a hacker. â€Å"A hacker is an individual who intends to gain unauthorized access to a computer system† (Laudon Traver, 2015). Oxford Dictionaries defines an ethical hacker as â€Å"a person who hacks into a computer network in order to test or evaluate its security, rather than with malicious or criminal intent† (Ethical Hacker, n.d.). In other words, an ethical hacker aims to discover ifRead MoreHacking And Its Effect On Human Behavior Essay1608 Words   |  7 PagesHacking in computer networking is the desire to manipulate the normal behaviour of a network connection or a connected system, a hacker is the person who is instigating the hack. In today’s society, we generally refer to any malicious programming attack over the internet or a network to be hacking. Hacking originated between the 1950s and 60s by M.I.T engineers, they originally were meant for learning and experiment purposes and usually took place at the ‘model train club’. However, these attacksRead MoreCybercrime And Internet Hacking And Its Effect On The Security Of The Internet1386 Words   |  6 Pagesinternet hacking has been an ongoing issue in contemporary life. â€Å"Internet hacking is the practice of modifying or altering computer software and hardware t o accomplish a goal considered to be outside of the creator’s original objective.† (Merriam-Webster). Any individual, business, or even government with a computer is not safe from these computer criminals. So, the main question is: How do we fix this cybercrime that does millions of dollars in damage, and should we implement â€Å"ethical hacking† to improveRead MoreEthical Hacking1028 Words   |  5 Pagesinformation systems; it seems that the Ethical Hacking is a better way. Therefore, whether to teach or not teach the Ethical Hacking as a course in Tertiary education has become an interesting argument. In this article will analysis the ethical, legal, and ethical implications of this issue. In order to discuss the ethical, legal, and social implications of this issue, one has to understand the definition of Ethical Hacking. The Word Spy states that Ethical hacking is a computer hacker who attemptsRead MoreEthics : Ethical Hacking Gaining Access1695 Words   |  7 PagesEthical Hacking Gaining Access Name Institution  Ethical Hacking Gaining Access Introduction Ethical hacking is the testing of access to a system, also known as white hacking. The process entails similar tools, methods, and techniques that most hackers employ though with a legal aspect to it. The goal of hacking is done with the permission of the intended target with a goal to show varied areas of weaknesses from the hacker’s perspective. It is part of information risk management allowingRead MoreEssay on Ethical Computer Hacking972 Words   |  4 Pagescertain virus someone else is writing, or safeguarding a local banks network to make sure that virus cannot access the banks database. Hacking can be ethical by providing the Internet world with a tightened sense of security by detecting and preventing security flaws before it is too late. There are a many types of hacks, and hackers in the cyber world. A hack can be any modification done to virtually anything, to make it do something better, or something completely different. Many hackers are hackersRead MoreEthical Hacking : A Breach Of Security1457 Words   |  6 Pagesthe company been able to find the vulnerabilities in the network. This is where ethical hacking comes into the program. Before delving into ethical hacking we must first understand what hacking really is. As defined by dictionary.com hacking means to modify a computer program or electronic device in a skillful or clever way: or to break into a network, computer, file, etc., usually with malicious intent.[1] Hacking is performed by a person or group of people know as hackers. In the computer securityRead MoreLab 2 Performing A Vulnerability Assessment Worksheet Essay648 Words   |  3 Pagesis a graphical interface for Nmap, a port scanning tool that can quickly identify hosts and detect what operating system and services are running on them, and all without privileged access. Zenmap, and similar tools, are typically used during the scanning and vulnerability phase of the ethicalcan hacking process. 2. Which application be used to perform a vulnerability assessment scan in the reconnaissance phase of the ethical hacking process? . OpenVAS (Greenbone Security Assistant). VulnerabilityRead MoreUsing The Command, Arp -s1543 Words   |  7 Pageswe can add entries to this list by using the command , arp –s . In cases , where your network configuration does not change often, it is entirely feasible to make a listing of static ARP entries deploy them to clients via an automated script. This will ensure that devices will always rely on their local ARP cache rather than , relying on ARP requests replies . Monitoring ARP Traffic with a Third Party Program :- The last option for defending against ARP cache poisoning , is a reactive approachRead MoreNetwork Infrastructure Attacks Against Network Infrastructures Essay1227 Words   |  5 Pagesvulnerabilities simultaneously can prove to be dangerous for computer system. Non technical attack: Exploits that involve manipulating people- end users and even yourself are the greatest vulnerability within any computer or network infrastructure. Humans are trusting by nature, which can lead to social engineering exploits. Social engineering is defined as the exploitation of the trusting nature of human beings to gain information for malicious purposes. There is an example of hacking which is physical. For

Neoliberalism And Its Impact On Social Work Practice

Neoliberalism began in the 1970’s and 1980’s after advocates supported the economic liberalization policies such as the rule of the market, cutting public expenditure for social services, deregulation, privatization, and eliminating the concept of the public good. Neoliberalism has had a significant affect on social work practice over the decades. There are strategies social workers as well as individuals can use to challenge neoliberalism. The rule of the market by liberating free enterprise or private enterprise resulted in greater openness to international trade and investment. Additionally, the rule of the market meant reducing wages by deunionizing workers and eliminating worker’s rights that had been won over many years. It also meant no more price control and the total freedom of movement for capital, goods, and services (Nylund, 2016). People were convinced that having an unregulated market was the best way to increase economic growth, which would ultimately benefit everyone. Although, the rule of the market was meant to have money â€Å"trickle-down† to the poor, it did not truly benefit the people at the bottom. The very wealthy would often keep the money they were making instead of letting it trickle down. To illustrate, the after-tax incomes in the U.S. between 1979 and 2006 rose by 256% for the top 1% of households, while they rose 21% for the middle fifth of households and 11% for the bottom fifth of households (Finn, Nybell Shook, 2010). This means that theShow MoreRelatedAdult Education Throughout Changing Times By Marion Bowl1366 Words   |  6 Pagesas global trends of neoliberalism. The book encapsulates the changing of the philosophies, policies and career within the domain of adult education over the past 40 years in England as well as in New Zealand. The new economic policies or neoliberalism discourses have been impacted on adult educators whether in their principles, work, or either career expectations. It also explores how this implication on adult education and lifelong learning can be used to inform the practice of adult education andRead MoreGender Inequality Within The Educational System892 Words   |  4 PagesAs the most crucial time in development, a child’s educational experience can largely impact the rest of their lives. Many educational aspects impact the outcome of their development from social issues to policy to economic changes. A pa rticular issue that educational systems have a hard time keeping up with, according to Davies and Guppy (2010c), is changes in gender equality. Over time, gender inequality has grown to be an important educational issue. Women are surpassing men educationally, andRead MoreA Marxist Lens On Society And Ideology989 Words   |  4 PagesGerman philosopher whose political theories have had a tremendous impact on society and ideology. His theories, collectively understood as Marxism, surmise that the essential qualities governing all societies are economics and class struggle. Marx was particularly concerned with capitalism, commodification, inequality, and exploitation. Within the context of this class, a Marxist lens is essential because it provides context for the social justice issues examined. Through Marx we can, for instance, seeRead MoreNeoliberalism in Brazil1312 Words   |  6 PagesIn an article entitled â€Å"Resisting and reshaping destructive development: social movements and globalizing networks†, P. Routledge describes neoliberal development, â€Å"Contemporary economic development is guided by the economic principles of neoliberalism and popularly termed ‘globalization’. The fundamental principal of this doctrine is ‘economic liberty’ for the powerful, that is that an economy must be free from the social and political ‘impediments,’ ‘fetters’, and ‘restrictions’ placed upon itRead MoreThe Economics And Social Hierarchy Essay1621 Words   |  7 PagesNeoliberalism is defined as the way in which our government approaches the economics and social hierarchy in ou r society. (Neoliberalism, 2015) states that it is an approach to economics and social studies in which control of economic factors is shifted from the public to the private sector. Neoliberalism are giving more attention towards schools that do not necessarily need this as much as the other schools, in order to make the government look better and are more in support of neoliberalism. SchoolsRead MoreBook Report on Anthropology of Globalization by Lewellen1571 Words   |  7 Pagesunified system (11). o Today’s globalization was inherent in the birth of capitalism (11). o Neoliberalism required two changes: the end of superpwer rivarly and the acceptance of neoliberalism by the third world (15). o Neoliberalism, the idea that trade should be unfettered by government regulation, is crucial to the current definition of globalization (17). o Negative effects of neoliberalism favors the rich, undercuts domestic production prices, causes unemployment, forces to ultilizeRead MoreThe Theory And Practice Of Social Planning Essay1655 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Social planning is limited by the top-down and trickle down approaches that proliferate and impact on social concerns. Neoliberal ideologues and theories primarily based on the economy have impacted on the social investment context of social planning and development. In this essay, a brief explanation of social planning and its function in relation to top-down and bottom-up change is discussed and evaluated. Further, the duality between theory and practice of social planning is presentedRead MoreSocial Planning : The Top Down And Bottom Up Change Essay1638 Words   |  7 PagesSocial planning is limited by the top-down and trickle down approaches that proliferate and impact on social concerns. Neoliberal ideologues and theories primarily based on the economy have impacted on the social investment context of social planning. In this essay, a brief explanation of social planning and its function in relation to top-down and bottom-up change is discussed and evaluated. Further, the theo ry and practice duality of social planning is presented. The social learning and communicativeRead MoreThe Political Systems Of Countries1806 Words   |  8 PagesThe political systems of countries are in constant progression, accepting new ideologies to reorganize the economy in the best means. The current approach to economic and social studies that has thrived since the 1980s and has made its way to the 21st century in Canada is neoliberalism. This approach favours a minimal state and a free entrepreneurial competitive market. However, the new organization has placed the marginalized, racialized, and gendered groups of people in oppressive and exploitiveRead MoreThe European Union And The United States1743 Words   |  7 Pagesregards to the effects of the secretive TTIP on various industries and employees within the EU. TTIP could be seen as another ‘neoliberal project’ - following Margeret Thatchers pioneering - that will affect social, health and environmental s tandards (Dullien, Garcia Janning, 2015). Neoliberalism is a political economic theory, which suggests that the market should have limited government regulation and intervention, liberating and deregulating the market, and encouraging states to value competition

Strategic Management Assignment free essay sample

Sabah International Dynamic Management (SIDMA) College is a private higher learning institution offering more than twelve academic programs from various faculties such as the Faculty of Education and Social Sciences (FESS), Faculty of Business Administration (FBA) and the Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism Management (FHTM). The College, in its vibrant and dynamic environment strives to focus on teaching and learning and discovery of new knowledge with integration of quality education, qualified teaching staff, excellent services and innovation. Under the leadership of its charismatic Chairman, Prof. Dr. MorniHj. Kambrie, his dynamic team of managers and trusted Board of Directors the college prospers jubilantly over the years and rapidly emerged as one of the largest regional centres in East Malaysia running UNITAR and several of its own academic programs. First established in Sarawak in 1998, the college, formerly known as Institut Pengurusan Dinamik Seminar (IPDS) extended its operation to the land below the wind or Sabah in 2002. During its first establishment in Kota Kinabalu, the college leased a two storey prudential building of approximately 15,000 square feet and had its first batch of 34 students in 2003. Gradually progressing with over 2000 active and registered students, the college is now exclusively located at its newly constructed 47,000 square feet City Campus at Bundusan Commercial Centre. Aimed at achieving its mission of producing a knowledgeable, skilful and competitive individual, the college is committed to equip its students with quality knowledge and skills through the provision of excellent learning facilities and educational support services. Driven by such need, facilities are constantly upgraded to ensure that only the best are furnished and delivered to its college communities. Vision and Mission Vision Sabah International Dynamic Management College (SIDMA COLLEGE) aims to become a leading and recognized private educational institution in providing quality education and training towards producing knowledgeable, skillful, and competitive individuals who contribute to personal and societal wellbeing. Mission Sabah International Dynamic Management College (SIDMA COLLEGE), mission is to equip students with quality knowledge and skills that meet their personal growth needs and the expectations of chosen profession and industry through the provision of excellent learning opportunities and educational support services. Key people in the business Dr. Morni is Board Chairmain of SIDMA COLLEGE SABAH and SARAWAK. He was born in Miri in 1956. His education spans several schools in Sarawak and culminated in St. Joseph Secondary School, Kuching, where he completed Form Five in 1973 and on to KolejTunTuanku Haji Bujang in Miri for the Form Six Upper in 1975. Dr. Morni has a Chartered Institute of Transport (CIT) qualification as well as the Advanced Diploma in Transport Studies from the University of London. He went on to Scotland to do the MBA from Stirling University. His last achievement is by completing his Ph. D in Entrepreneurship from Stirling University, Scotland in 1990. He now runs his own private institution of higher learning, SIDMA College, which has two branches, one in Kuching andother in Kota Kinabalu, both in East Malaysia. This institute runs degree programmed for UniversitiTun Abdul Razak, UNITAR. He is married and has 5 children. Nature of Business SIDMA College consists of four different universities which operate under one management. SIDMACollege primary business circling around educations aspect which they delivery knowledge to the student that need it. They mission was to find profit as a second priority where they put student achievement as their importance aim. Target Market Youngster that want to continue their studying, especially expiration students SPM and STPM level. Besides that, SIDMA College also a place for continued a study among the employed. For example is teacher. External factors affect the business 1. Economic Factors Economic factors have direct impact on the potential attractiveness of various business ventures. For example is, SIDMA COLLEGE SABAH student were get financial assistance such as PTPTN Education Loan. PTPTN is a special board established under the auspice of the Ministry of Education with the objective of offering educational loans to all eligible Malaysian students pursuing tertiary studies from selected institutions of higher learning in the country. UniversitiTun Abdul Razak has been included in the list and the facility is meant for both Bumiputra and non-bumiputra students. All undergraduate students of UniversitiTun Abdul Razak are eligible to apply for this loan. Although there is a small fee charged on the principal amount, the loan is repayable over twenty years upon graduation and employment of the students. Second is, Sponsorship. Sponsorship is Apart from the various loans available, there are several state agencies that offer direct sponsorships to students from the respective states, including the various State Education Foundations (YayasanPendidikanNegeri). 2. Technological Factors Technology is a business enabler that has revolutionary impact on the actual conduct of business. It contributes to achieving desired business productivity and efficiency. The Internet serves as a good example; what used to be impossibility in instantaneous global communication has become a cold reality and an urgent necessity for every business in order to succeed. Another good example of enabling technology application in SIDMA COLLEGE refers to the advancements in superconductivity systems, which increase the power of electrical products by lowering resistance to current. These improvements revolutionize business operations, especially in transportation, utility, healthcare, electrical, and computer industries. 3. Competitive Factors An equally important part of external assessment is identifying rival firms and ascertaining their strengths, weaknesses, capabilities, opportunities, threats, objectives, and strategies. Good competitive intelligence in business. Weaknesses of competitors can signify external opportunities, while major competitive strengths can mean key external threats. The College, in its vibrant and dynamic environment strives to focus on teaching and learning and discovery of new knowledge with integration of quality education, qualified teaching staff, excellent services and innovation. Under the leadership of its charismatic Chairman, Prof. Dr. MorniHj. Kambrie, his dynamic team of managers and trusted Board of Directors; the college prospers jubilantly over the years and rapidly emerged as one of the largest regional centre in East Malaysia running UNITAR and several of its own academic programs. 4. Social Factors The social component of strategic analysis related to assessing the social, cultural, demographic, and environmental profiles of addressable markets. During its first establishment in Kota Kinabalu, the college leased a two storey prudential building of approximately 15,000 sqft and had its first batch of 34 students in 2003. Gradually progressing with over 2000 active and registered students, the college is now exclusively located at its newly constructed 47,000 City Campus at Bundusan Commercial Centre. The position next to the main road of Bundusan s easier to public to find this college Driven by such need, facilities are constantly upgraded to ensure that only the best are furnished and delivered to its college communities. Political Factors The complexity of todays political landscape is exactly the reason why strategists now spend more time anticipating and influencing public policy actions. SIDMA COLLEGE make sure that they have more time meeting government officials, attending government-sponsored conferences, rendering public speeches, issuing press releases, and becoming visible in trade groups, industry associations, and other congregations where updated political developments can be learned. Summary of external analysis findings in an appropriate: Key external factors Opportunity Weight Ranting Weight Score Have direct impact on the potential attractiveness of various business ventures 0. 08 3 0. 24 Achieved desired business productivity and efficiency 0. 10 2 0. 20 Create relationship with government official 0. 11 2 0. 22 Provide various of activity provide by University Tunku Abdul Razak 0. 09 1 0. 09 Learning other social, cultural, and demographic 0. 12 4 0. 48 Key external factor Threats Weight Ranting Weighted Score Pay back loan to the PTPTN 0. 15 4 0. 6 Outlet campus have pretty much independence with main campus of University Tunku Abdul Razak 0. 12 3 0. 36 The technology not really advance 0. 13 3 0. 39 There are so many competitive with other University 0. 10 3 0. 3 Total 1. 00 2. 88 INTERNAL FACTORS OF SIDMA COLLEGE. Internal factor can be defined as the inner strengths and weaknesses that an organization exhibits. Internal factors can strongly affect how well a company meets its objectives, and they might be seen as strengths if they have a favorable impact on a business, but as weaknesses if they have a deleterious effect on the organization. 1. Management Since SIDMA College is a not government organization, the management are choose by interviewing by the HRM Department and mostly the employees come from other district of sabah and west Malaysia state. The number of employees at the SIDMA College is a total of 35. This amount is equal to educational organizations that operate in rural areas. Segregation of duties is accordance with sub-units facilitates the organization to operate properly. Most workers in this organization have the education background of diploma, degree and master programs. 2. Location SIDMA College is located about 7 minutes from Donggongon town and about 15 minutes from Kota Kinabalu, SIDMA College City Campus in Bundusan Commercial Centre is easily accessible within the vicinity of the Beverly Hills Commercial centre, a strategically located campus with close proximity to book shops, food outlets, bank, budget hotel, supermarket and the residential area with easily available hostel accommodation for students. 3. Finance/Accounting Since SIDMA College is not a government organization, the financial are control by the financial department which under Pn. RukidahRuddin the head of department of finance and it is classified for us to do the analysis but using observation method, we noticed that the organization is fully used the financial given such as by having sufficient working capital. 4. Structure (Operation) Organizational structure in SIDMA College is categorize into several units departments such as Financial Department, Academic Department, Human Resources Department, IT Department Media, Resources Centers and Property Admin Department . This plan is a strategic management tool that has been developed by management itself so that the organization can perform well in their work environment. 5. Management Information System The MIS unit in the SIDMA College is not really good than the others university but the effect is big in this College because the use of technology for the organizational to operate easily such as communication and internet. The main purpose of MIS in the organization is to improve performance by improving the quality of managerial decisions and thus the organization fully uses MIS to make a decision. The using of system like UNICE, it’s really helps students to communicate directly to the course leader and to the other classmate in order to reduce time spend. Summary of internal analysis findings in an appropriate: Key internal factors Strength Weight Ranting Weight Score All employees have a good education background 0. 10 1 0. 10 Organizational structure is divided into smaller units to facilitate the business proses 0. 12 3 0. 36 Multi-racial culture and religion at workplace 0. 13 2 0. 39 Management are well trained and develop 0. 15 1 0. 15 Key internal factor Weakness Weight Ranting Weighted Score SIDMA is still indevelopment process 0. 14 4 0. 56 Location of organizations still not very well known 0. 12 3 0. 36 Still not enough facilities in the building 0. 10 4 0. 40 Financial is controlled by themselves, not enough support in financial 0. 14 2 0. 28 Total 1. 00 2. 60 CONCLUSION. In conclusion, Sabah International Dynamic Management (SIDMA) College shows excellent initiatives in order to carry out its’ mission to produce a knowledgeable, skillful and competitive individual as aforementioned. This is to make sure that SIDMA College is par with the other college which offers the same courses. Aiming to equip its students with quality knowledge and skills through the delivery of excellent learning facilities and educational support services, SIDMA College shows great strategic management which focus on strategic consistency between the organization and its environment. Moreover, provision of excellent facilities will ensure SIDMA College to be one of the promising colleges chosen by most youngsters to be their platform especially those who want to further their study. Nurturing its students with quality knowledge, communication skills as well as soft skills that meet the student’s personal growth needs will ensure its students to be ready to face the real job world. Nowadays, the real world it’s a very challenging working place so it’s a job well done by SIDMA College’s management who sees that it’s a must to prepare the youngsters with good quality knowledge and identify the true purpose of this organization and the plans and actions need to be taken in order to achieve its’ mission. Thus, this set of managerial decisions and actions had determined the long term performance of SIDMA College and continue to provide learning opportunities to youngsters. Apart from that, SIDMA College also showed a good strategy evaluation and choice where it scan and highlight all relevant aspects that affect its ‘organization whether it is external or sector-based. For example, upgrading it’s’ facilities for better performance and conducive learning environment to ensure its students receive all the decent quality of information during lecture. Strategic implementation such as great organizing by choosing a suitable geographical structure also allows SIDMA College to be one of the best colleges in Sabah. Providing its students with financial assistance and sponsorship which is one of the benefits offer by SIDMA College which give great opportunities especially students who have financial difficulty. Last but not least, systematic strategic management of SIDMA College has made this college standing par with other colleges and in the near future, SIDMA College might expand abroad and provide more learning opportunities to the youngsters out there. Thus, SIDMA College needs to have a strategy on how it expects to outperform its competitors by upgrading the current facilities and marketing strategy. SUGGESTION. Build Franchise in State Joint Venture With Government Key factor Weight AS TAS AS TAS Opportunities 1. Have direct impact on the potential attractiveness of various business ventures. 2. Achieved desired business productivity and efficiency. 3. Create relationship with government official. 4. Provide several of activity provide by university Tunku Abdul Razak. 5. Learning other social, cultural, and demographic. Threat 1. Pay back loan to the PTPTN. Outlet campus has pretty much independent with main campus of university Tunku Abdul Razak. 3. The technology not really advances. 4. There are so many competitive with other university. Total Strength 1. All employees have a good education background. 2. Organizational structure is divided into smaller units of facilities the business process. 3. Multi-racial culture and religion at workplace. 4. Management are well trained and develop. Weakness 1. Sidma is still in development process. 2. Location of organization still not very famous. 3. Still mot enough facilities in the building. This is because the strategy used now is not quite effective because almost all management issue need to be informed to the main campus. Therefore, with the brand new franchise that being made here, the management will run smoothly and more reliable. We hope that this strategy confluence of organizations is likely to compete with other not only IPTS but also IPTA like UMS. We are hoping that our specific objectives can be used by the SIDMA College. The objective of this strategy is accordance with the vision and mission studies of SIDMA College. The use of a new strategy to improve management development is the best strategy for an organization like SIDMA College in the mature stage. This strategy can be applied by the cooperation with the government to give full support on approval to the main campus to build their own franchise in Sabah. Officers, staff and lecture also students should work together on improving the management of existing and they have to make quality improvement and educational services in producing more quality graduated student rather than quantity of graduated of student. ACTION PLAN. Our marketing strategies are preparing action plans for all media advertisement and road shows. For example is through print media, through technology like radio and television and internet, flyer and through phone advertising. 1. Print Media Certain forms of print media allow for a high level of target marketing. Magazines, for example, tend to be highly specialized, so ads can be developed to appeal to a specific readership. For example, target market is parent. It to attract parent so that they can pursue their children to continue their study here. In additional, through these methods it is the lowest cost depends the other advertisement. 2. Technology a) Radio Many are posting advertisements thru the radio because of its multiple benefits in terms of effectiveness, coverage, and cost. There are several forms of mass media that people use as their avenue in promoting this campus. And so if you would care to analyze, advertisements as well as radio shows are very much appreciated in far flung areas. That is why our marketing team would really take time and invest on putting up advertisements thru radio. Aside from those logical reasons why people patronize radio and the shows transmitted thru it, there are also benefits from using radio advertisements. Plus, it can be repeated over and over again in an evenly manner throughout the day but still it’s only for a lower cost comparable to television and newspaper ads. Radio advertising is also beneficial to the campus because whatever it is that is heard by an individual thru the radio may be easily transmitted or shared to other people who are not necessarily listening to the radio at that moment. That way, ideas from the radio may be passed on faster by mouth, given only one person among a line of people has listened to the advertisement. b) Television Market Coverage and Cost Effectiveness: Almost everyone watches television once in a while. This is why television makes it possible to reach a large audience. Captivity and Attention: Viewers that are watching their favorite programs are usually exposed to thousands of advertisements a year. TV advertisements have a tremendous effect on consumers just by repetition and exposure of catchy jingles and slogans. Creativity and Impact: One of the biggest advantages of using television as a media is the fact that it provides one with the opportunity for presenting the advertising message. This media vehicle is ideal when you need to demonstrate your product or service. It offers great flexibility in the fact that you can combine interaction of the sight and sound. c) Internet The internet, which has literally eliminated boundaries for communication has also given birth to a host of businesses. Online advertising is one such example, which makes use of internet to market and promote campus to consumers The Internet facilitates true two-way communication in advertising messages. By placing interactive ads on the Internet, marketers can use surveys, comments and usage statistics to fine-tune their campaigns midstream and maximize their effectiveness. 3. Others Method a) Flyers The purpose of these flyers is to promote the campus and to create image between the people of its existence. They are distributed to different people and to the present clients in order to make them more aware about the campus. They are distributed on the streets, left in postboxes or sent by mail. They hold information about the company, its business, products and services and contact details. b) Phone Advertising through SMS The efficiency and real time tracking of information makes mobile phone marketing much easier than other advertising. It able to reach a much wider audience due to the nature of mobile devices and how people use them. With GPS, location based messaging, device detection and geographic locating on mobile devices, the data gathered can be enormously useful. The user has direct and personalized mobile phone marketing sent to them. This makes their advertising more likely to be effective; being that it is specifically geared towards their searches. RESEARCH METHODLOGY. The chosen method for collecting information on our assignment is interview session where my group had interview Madam Izah Bt. Mulihin (deputy district education officer) at the organization itself in order to found the background of the organization and investigate the external and internal factor that affect the organization. The interview session doesn’t take too much time because the area that we choose is well known to us. Here we attach our evidence on interviewing sessions.

Why are political parties so strong in the United Kingdom yet so weak in the United States

Introduction The United States and United Kingdom are the largest democracies in the world hence they have variant political parties. A political party in any governing system is defined as an organization of people with similar political aims and opinions who seek to attain political influence in public policies through their representative being elected to the governing body (Medvic, 2009, p.120).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why are political parties so strong in the United Kingdom yet so weak in the United States? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Political parties are either funded by the government or individual party members depending on a country’s regulations. Irrespective of the fact that both United States and Great Britain have two dominant political parties, two legislative houses and a single executive, the political parties in both nations differ in their strength. The strength of politica l parties is determined by the amount of influence a party has on its members and the cohesion in the party. The political parties in the United States are much weaker than in the United Kingdom. In the US, politics are dominated by two major parties, the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. Additionally, there are other smaller and weaker parties in the political scene. In the democracy of United Kingdom, there are three dominat political parties namely the Labour Party, the Conservative Party, and the Liberal Democrat Party currently led by Nick Clegg. However, there are other smaller political parties namely Independence Party and the Green Party. The roles of political parties include voicing the needs and concerns of their members and supporters, recruiting and training candidates for public office and socializing the citizens. This paper defines the significant difference in the strength of political parties in the United States and the United Kingdom. Moreover, it explo res the factors that make political parties to be strong or weak in these countries. Political parties in the United States Political parties in the United States were not endorsed in the founding constitutions, since the intention of the Constitution and its founders was to have a triple balanced system of executive, judicial, and congressional powers. Factors that contributed to the establishment of the two-party system in the United States as the key type of system include historical foundations of the system, political socialization and practical considerations, the electoral system and the federal laws.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, there are no major requirements obligatory from the public in order to become a member of any political party (Schmidt, Shelley, Bardes, 2010, p.154). Scholars have noted that there is a decline in the strength of political par ties compared with the past. Two party system in the United States The two-party system has dominated the United States political scene for a very long time. This could be one of the contributors to the weakening of smaller political parties in the country. People who wish to serve as president, congressional representative, state governor or state legislators have to use the two main parties, Democratic Party and the Republican Party, to increase their chances of wining. Electoral system The method of electing national and legislative representative promotes the dominance of two-party system. The structure of political parties in the United Kingdom is defined by the individual ideologies supported by each party, which their members endeavor to legislate; however, their counterparts in American lack ideologically cohesive and programmatic. The available resources for these dominant parties allow them to retain their dominance. Similarly, single member system operating in a small con stituency can weaken the general party by creating smaller local independent entities (Duverger, 1963, p.45). The involvement of political parties’ leaders in the selection of candidates of their political parties is very low in the United States. On the other hand the leaders of political parties in the UK have the role of choosing which candidates should represent their parties. Moreover, the United States political parties are not involved in campaigning for their chosen candidates therefore resulting to less influence on the candidates. The United Kingdom utilizes a system of proportional representation, where officials are elected, on the bases of the number of votes their parties receive in an election, which promotes strength of parties. In the United States, the election system is focused on the candidates compared to the United Kingdom model where election is party focused (Safran, 2003, p.34). Therefore, parties in the US are not perceived to be as important as indi vidual candidates. In party centered system, political parties are in charge of all resources while in candidate-centered system, the parties provide just a few resources to the candidates. Moreover, in the US, parties do not have the mandate of choosing the candidates to run under the party, rather, it is done by voters in preliminary voting.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why are political parties so strong in the United Kingdom yet so weak in the United States? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result, the influence of parties is limited hence leading to their weakening. In contrast, the United Kingdom political parties determine the candidates to run under their parties based on their set regulation. Since the political parties in the US contribute minimal resources to the campaigning of their candidates, the party has less or minimal influence and cannot sanction the candidate if he wins (Safran, 2003, p.34). However, the political parties in the United Kingdom have much influence on their candidates and they can sanction them since they contribute most of the resources that the candidates require. The electoral system, through preliminary election of party leaders, favors the linking candidates with their local supporters rather than creating a bond between the candidates and the party (Safran, 2003, p.34). Fundamentally, the electoral system is also weakening the ideologies of the political parties. Generally, direct primaries of selecting candidates have weakened political leaders as it takes away the rights and influence of the party. In the United Kingdom the parties have the obligation of selecting candidates that they wish to field for an election without external influence. Moreover, the party oversees the campaign of its candidates and in return, the party has ultimate control and influence. Campaigning The candidate-centered approach in the US reinforces campaign-financ ing laws. The inclination of candidates funding most of the campaign is done at the expense of the party’s influence, as is the case in America. On the other hand, in the United Kingdom, parties retain their influence since they fund the campaigns of their candidates. The use of political consultants by political candidates has contribution to the decline of roles of political parties in America where the candidates are more inclined to listening to their consultants than the position of their party. However, consultants weaken the political parties through creating campaign atmosphere where they project individual candidates to the public at the expense of the party. Nevertheless, the public are more informed on candidates’ traits rather than the policies of the candidates’ parties (Best Radcliff, 2005, p.63). Moreover, political parties have failed to innovate, hence the need for outsourcing their duties to consultants. Some modern campaign tactics are weaken ing the political parties. In the United Kingdom’s party-centered system, the campaign is geared to selling the party policies to the electorate whereas in America campaigns are focused on the candidates (Swanson Mancini, 1996, p.272).Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Legal factors Legal factors in the United States have contributed to the weakening of political parties (Wilson, 2008, p.124). The policy of cross filling has also undermined the strength of political parties in America. This practice, cross filling, allows individuals to be listed on more than one political party and can participate in primary ballots of all parties where they are registered (Sabato Ernst, 2006, p.88). The candidates who use this strategy aim at reducing competition, thus weakening political parties. This policy is still in effect in some states, which weakness the ideology. Moreover, the use of cross filling in the primaries resulted in reduction of political parties responsibilities. Moreover, voters in primary elections can influence nomination of their opposing party through crossover voting. These kinds of policies limit the influence of political parties on their candidates since they do not have the right to chose or vet candidates in their parties. Moreove r, the external interference in political parties through crossover voting weakens political parties in the US. Contrary to this, political parties in the United Kingdom do not have any interference from supporters of other parties; hence, they retain their objectivity in their core issues. The United States, through federal and state governments, closely regulates and it has decentralized the political parties. These actions of the government have contributed to weakening of political parties in America (Wilson, 2008, p.124). Political Action Committee (PACs) and special interest groups The decline of political parties can also be attributed to the rise of political action committees (PACs) in the elections in particular in fund raising. Candidates in the American political scene have their own PACs, which help them to collect funds for their political activities. Therefore, the candidates are more inclined to their committees than to the party, thus weakening party cohesion (Barde s, Shelley, Schmidt, 2008, p.248). However, political parties in the UK get finance from their membership contribution, donations i.e. from trade unions and the opposition parties also financed from the government kitty. Therefore, parties in UK are generally stronger than parties in US due to better finance availability. Moreover, funding of political parties from public kitty promotes internal unity among party members with in turn promote party cohesion. Subsequently, monies issued to support elections in the United States are given directly to the candidates. However, any money given to candidates tends to weaken the political parties, since the candidate becomes more independent and less reliant of the party. Conversely, public funding of political parties in the UK is channeled through the parties and not the candidates. Therefore, funding promotes part strength since the party leaders have leverage to induce their ideologies. Moreover, parties limit the amount of resources t hat an individual candidate can contribute to their campaign in order to protect the party’s influence. Additionally, political parties in American are influenced by their private donors, hence leading to partisan politics that decrease the strength of the party; however parties in the UK are less likely to be influenced since they do not over-rely on private donors for funding. Since action groups can access public support and resources, they have been undermining political parties that do not support their ideologies hence weakening of parties. Voters The social and political environment, in which the party operates, has a great impact on party cohesion. In addition, the development of an increase of number of independent voters has given rise to weakening of the political parties. Generally, a considerable number of voters in America are not registered in the two main political parties, thus the two key political parties have been declining in recent years. Further, the pa rticipation of voters in direct primaries to determine the candidate to run under a certain party weakens political parties (Sabato Ernst, 2006, p.110). Nevertheless, the political parties have not been able to attract public loyalty due to social changes. Furthermore, there is a trend of voters disengaging from party politics due to disappointments from political parties in the past. This is as a result of the fact that most American political parties are not engaged actively in their citizens’ lives, leading to high number of non-partisans. Conversely, the public in Europe and particularly in the United Kingdom are still inclined to party politics as they join and register in political parties, pay contributions to their parties and participate in party activities i.e. attending meetings (Wilson, 2008, p.125). Moreover, interest groups and citizen groups are competing with political parties for influence and loyalty among the citizens. However, party loyalty has declined s ince the inception of interest groups among the people in the United States. In deed, citizen action groups are actively replacing the role of political parties as a result of their weakening. Conclusion The United States and the UK have some dominant political parties and other smaller parties. Generally, the role of political parties in democracies is to educate the public on their civic rights and duties, to participate in influencing of public policies and recruiting and training candidates for public office. The strength of political parties is determined by the amount of influence a party has on its members and the cohesion in the party. However, there factors that undermine the strength of political parties namely rules and regulations, electoral systems, change of attitude among voters and modern campaigning techniques. Additionally, the rise of Political Action Committees and citizen interest groups has also undermined the strength of political parties especially in America . The United Kingdom has been able to retain the strength in its political parties due to the fact that they are able to control the selection and funding of their candidates. Moreover, the parties have restricted candidates from being independent from the party, hence creating reliance and influence. Through primary election in single-member district system, political parties in America have lost their influence in selection of candidates. Besides, a policy like cross filling of candidates during the direct primaries also contributes to the decline of parties (Shepherd, 2005, p.337). Further, the political parties in America are not funded by the government; rather, the candidates are funded directly. Consequently, this direct funding from the government makes the candidates independent from their parties. However, in the United Kingdom system, the government funds political parties directly, which in turn dispatch funds to their candidates. This mode of funding ensures that politi cal parties maintain their influence over their candidates, hence creating cohesion and party strength. References List Bardes, B., Shelley, M. Schmidt, S., 2008. American Government and Politics Today. Belmont: Cengage Learning. Best, S. Radcliff, B., 2005. Polling America: A-O. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. Duverger, M., 1963. Political Parties: Their Organization and Activities in the modern State. London: Taylor Francis. Medvic, S., 2009. Campaigns and elections: players and processes. Boston: Cengage Learning. Sabato, L. Ernst, H., 2006. Encyclopedia of American Political parties and elections. NY: Infobase Publishing. Safran, W., 2003. The Secular and the Sacred Nation: Nation, Religion and Politics. London: Taylor Francis. Schmidt, S., Shelley, M. and Bardes, B., 2010. American Government and Politics Today, 2010-2011. Boston: Cengage Learning. Shepherd, M. 2005. Mastering the National Admissions Test for Law. London: Routledge. Swanson, D. Mancini, P., 1996. Po litics, media, and modern democracy: an international study of innovations in electoral campaigning and their consequences. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. Wilson, J. Q., 2008. American Government. OH: Cengage Learning. This essay on Why are political parties so strong in the United Kingdom yet so weak in the United States? was written and submitted by user Curt Conners to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Tainted Blood free essay sample

Camilla woke up on something hard, most likely the rough stone ground. All around was the darkness, as it engulfed all certain possibility of light. She could barely move. She thought she was paralyzed, but then realized she could easily move her legs. She twisted around and propped up on one elbow, trying to stand up. She balanced, but then fell down again, sprawled against the cold. She sighed, breathing heavily, using all her energy. She thought she could hear voices, but thought nothing of it. But then, she heard someone speaking. â€Å"Shut up and come on!† She heard a male voice snap. â€Å"I love her though!† Another voice replied. Then it was silence. Camilla held her breath, hoping they didn’t know she was here. They spoke again. â€Å"Are you serious?† The first male voice asked. â€Å"Yes,† replied the second. â€Å"Why?† â€Å"Well, because†¦ I don’t know, I can’t say, I just do. We will write a custom essay sample on Tainted Blood or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † â€Å"You can’t,† the first male voice said, his voice a little high. Camilla took a quick breath and then held it again. â€Å"Why not?† The second male voice asked, confused. â€Å"Well, because, I†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Yeah?† â€Å"It’s because I love her!† There was silence again. Camilla suddenly knew where she was. She was in the cave, the cave from her dreams. But how did she get here? Her head was aching and she felt so bleary she couldn’t remember anything. The voices began to speak again. â€Å"You can’t,† the second voice whispered. â€Å"Well, I do,† the first voice replied, almost arrogantly. â€Å"How dare you!† â€Å"What?† â€Å"You†¦ you†¦ you don’t love her! You’re just saying that!† â€Å"No, that’s not like it at all,† the first male voice answered, kind of sarcastic. Camilla was confused. She then remembered who the voices wer e. Haden and Seth. But they sounded so alike that she couldn’t remember which one the voices belonged to. â€Å"Yes, it is! You didn’t even want her to come. You wanted to abandon her back at the castle. You’re a backstabber, you know that? You pretended to be her friend. You can’t love her. You can’t even like her!† Yes! That was Haden. Haden was the one who got all jealous and angry and then he decided to – Camilla choked, thinking what was soon to happen. â€Å"She already told me that she loves me, though, too.† â€Å"No! You’re lying! You’ll just hurt her, and I won’t allow that to happen! You’re going to pay! Don’t even try to come near her!† â€Å"What? Hey, what are you doing?† Camilla could suddenly hear an earsplitting crack, as if a bone broke. She then heard that Haden and Seth were fighting. She tried to move, her hand groping out for something to pull her up. She tried to scream, but only a faint croak came out. She tried louder. It came out as a whisper. She tried and tried. The fighting then stopped, as she heard someone fall to the ground. She tried harder to scream, hoping she could stop it if she did. She then heard him crawling, and grabbing something. She heard a click. Camilla yelled. Suddenly a thunderous explosion exploded. It sounded so because it was coming from the cave. Camilla then screamed as loud as she could. She realized it was she who screamed in her dream. She cried and felt blind there in the darkness, tears streaming down her face, her heart hurting. She heard the person who was shot slump to the ground, crashing hard down. Camilla cried harder, her body shaking violently now. Her cries were uncontrollable, as she threw her head back and yelled louder. She heard someone walking slowly to her. She tried to crawl away if she could, but everything hurt too much. She saw a light, and tried crawling out, as she heard the f ootsteps going slower, but louder, every time it moved closer. Camilla realized she had made it all the way into the opening of the cave. There were many shrubs and trees and boulders in every area, and she realized that this cave was in the middle of the forest. A full moon was glowing bright ahead, and she cried. Her heart stopped, and she froze. She saw a shadow coming out of the cave. Oh my God, Camilla thought, as she shook violently again, her hands hugging her waist, as she stood on her knees. This is what it has come to. Haden will execute me or he shall capture me as his Bride. Haden has turned fanatical. Oh, woe is me! Haden did come out. Camilla’s hand flew to her mouth as she saw what she had not expected. A dark red circle was on the front if his shirt. Blood trickled from the corner of his mouth. He walked slowly towards her, his hand against his chest, soaked in the blood. He fell forward, crashing to the ground. Camilla screamed and crawled towards him. â⠂¬Å"Haden?† She turned him on his back, and saw Haden’s eyes, once dark and full of passion and mystery, now glazed over lifelessly as he stared at the sky. â€Å"Haden, talk to me,† Camilla urged, a note of panic in her voice. â€Å"Haden, what happened?† Haden turned his head to look at her, and smiled. His beautiful smile had blood all over it. â€Å"I tried to save you.† â€Å"How?† Camilla cried. â€Å"What happened?† â€Å"We were at the castle,† Haden spoke. â€Å"You got hurt. Cristofer and his gang tried to hurt all of us. Meaning Seth, you and I. We escaped through the tunnel, leading into the cave. You were unconscious, and I wanted to stay with you. Seth didn’t. â€Å"We then argued. I told him I wanted to stay, because, well, because I loved you. He then said I couldn’t because he loved you. He was lying. He tried to trick us because, Camilla, he was a vampire too, like us†¦ only one of Cristo fer’s gang. â€Å"I fought with him and tried to get him away from you. I think I snapped his neck, somewhere, which should have killed him right away, but I guess it took a while, at least a minute. And in that minute he got a gun out and shot me.† Tears stung at Camilla’s eyes, and she let them fall. They fell on Haden’s wound. He cried, and Camilla moved a bit away. â€Å"I’m sorry.† Haden smiled at her, shaking his head, pulling her close again. â€Å"No, no†¦ I want them to fall. That way a part of you will always be apart of me.† Camilla smiled, but still the tears fell. â€Å"Please don’t go, Haden,† she whispered. â€Å"Please don’t go. You can’t. You can’t die.† Haden smiled. â€Å"It’s alright. I’ll always be with you, in spirit.† Camilla moaned, clutching her heart. â€Å"No, Haden! Don’t you get it? You can’t do that because we have no soul. Vampires don’t have souls!† Haden chuckled. â€Å"Oh, we may not have souls, Cami. But we sure as hell have hearts.† He chuckled again, but felt his heart slowing. Camilla felt it too. â€Å"Oh, Haden†¦Ã¢â‚¬  she cried. Haden laughed again. â€Å"Life is hard.† Camilla tried to smile, but that hurt. â€Å"Compared to what?† Haden smiled. â€Å"Cami?† Camilla nodded. â€Å"Yeah?† â€Å"Do you love me?† â€Å"Yeah, Haden,† she replied, swallowing. â€Å"I love you, so much, dear, dear Haden.† Haden laughed again. â€Å"Cami?† Camilla bit her lip, as tears fell down, her heart screaming from the hurt. â€Å"Y-yeah?† â€Å"Did you know that I loved you? Not just because you’re beautiful, or artistic, or smart, or graceful, or compassionate, or independent, or any of that. But because of the time when I got my foot stuck in a tree, you called the ambulance for me. Or that other time when Austin broke his leg you stayed with him all day just to watch CSI shows and eat soup. Or when Marcus and Nicholas were being jerks and selfish and pretending to be better and going around school and bullying people, you made that wonderful poem saying how everyone was equal which totally changed them. Or when Gene forgot to write her English paper, you stayed up with her all night just to help her finish it. You see, Cami, I think you’re most beautiful when you care for people, or teach them, or help them. You always do that because you’re just a caring person. And do you want to know what else?† Cami nodded, as she bit hard on her lower lip, and the blood seeped through her mouth. â€Å"I love you for all of those things. And I know for sure that you’re going to become an angel when you die, because angels are beautiful, caring creatures, and you’re one of them, Cami. A beautiful and caring creature.† He breathed in harshly. â€Å"Ah†¦ Cami, it won’t be long now. I’m surprised I’m actually still alive. I should be dead by now.† Cami shook her head. â€Å"Don’t say that. Maybe you won’t die. You have to be hit in the heart after all.† Haden smiled, but it was a grim one. â€Å"This bullet was tipped in holy water and garlic powder. I felt it running through my veins and entering my heart. Or maybe all that pain was because I finally found out that you loved me too, and I feel so happy for it.† Cami shook her head, her eyes widened. â€Å"Oh, no Haden! I’ve always loved you. You just seemed so†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Arrogant and juvenile?† Haden offered, with a smile on his sad face. Cami nodded. â€Å"I’m sorry, Haden.† Haden raised a hand, as if to silence her. He felt heavy, and his breathing her heavily. â€Å"N-no†¦ I†¦ I†¦ it’s not your fault, Cami. I’m just sorry that you’ll feel sad when I’m gone. But you have to remember, that God is a caring person, just like you. I have a good feeling he will allow me to come up there, ‘cause just because you think you may not have a soul, doesn’t exactly mean that’s true.† Cami looked up as a rain drop fell against her face. She looked down at Haden who was smiling at her. â€Å"Is that a rain drop or a tear?† Cami cried. Haden suddenly pulled himself up, using all of his energy. Cami sat beside him, crouching over on her knees and she stared at him. He suddenly touched the sides of her face, gently, as he pulled her close, their heads touching. Camilla’s pulse quickened. Haden parted his lips, and then†¦ he kissed her. It was a gentle, soulful kiss. Camilla wrapped her arms around his neck, holding him close. She never wanted to let go, and she didn’t want Haden to go. The kiss was sensual and slow, it seemed like it lasted forever, which Camilla hoped it would. It was so deep that she felt like she lost her self in it. The world seemed to disappear and time stood still. It was as if everything melted away to nothingness, and there was just the two of them. The rain pattered against them and the Earth. Haden pulled away, feeling his heart tighten. â€Å"Cami?† Cami cried louder. â€Å"Oh my god, Haden, please, don’t go! I love you so much! Please, I beg of you. Don’t go!† â€Å"Cami?† Haden asked again, and sighed, letting his head fall against the gentle, wet grass. â€Å"Valediction.† Cami couldn’t hold it in longer. She screamed and cried as she raised her head and stared into the sky, the rain pouring against her face. She pounded the Earth and fell down, lying on her back. She rolled onto her stomach and screamed into the ground. She breathed in, and screamed louder as she realized it hurt to breathe living without Haden. Actually, it hurt to live without Haden. She choked as she heard someone behind. Was Haden alive? She turned around only to stare into the eyes of Nicholas, Nicola, Adrian, Marcus, Austin and Gene. They all stared sadly down at Camilla. Gene pulled her up, and Nicola hugged her. Marcus patted her back as Austin and Adrian lifted up Haden. Nicholas murmured, â€Å"Oh my God†¦ Haden†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The seven of them, eight including the departed Haden, all headed back towards Camilla’s house. Camilla then stopped. Everyone turned to look at her. â€Å"Camilla?† Gene called. Camilla shook her head, and turned around, running as fast as she could, through the cold night air. **** Camilla didn’t know where she was going. She just wished she could go where she knew. Where she knew Haden would be. She ran over a river that after being polluted so much had turned yellowish green. Then she came to big piles and clumps of dark brown dirt, and almost fell into it. She cried harder until she got to a dark forest, and running through where the trees stood tall and bare, and the grass was a dark green. Finally she came to a large meadow that seemed pale green in the moonlight. She realized she couldn’t run anymore, and stopped, slowing crouching down and lying on the soft grass, tears flooding her face. She gasped, choked, and cried harder. She swallowed, and gasped again. She suddenly felt another present coming close to her. She tried to hide her head beneath a pile of weeds and a very tall area of grass that had not been hacked down. She heard the figure breathing, but normal breathing, only more heavier, like a man’s. She forced herself to turn her head ever so slightly to see who it was. Her heart did a little back flip, and she forgot how to breathe, but only for a second. Cristofer Cardei stood above her. He seemed, almost, uncertain of something. Maybe making second thoughts of killing her, perhaps? His usually smooth black hair was tousled, and his bright blue eyes were bloodshot. Camilla gulped, looking up at the once sophisticated and feared Cristofer, son of the terrible Great Count Cardei. He attempted a smile down at Camilla. â€Å"Hey†¦ what’s up?† Camilla said nothing, just stared. Cristofer looked away. â€Å"Um, I just wanted to say†¦ sorry.† â€Å"Ha!† Camilla laughed loud. Cristofer raised a brow. â€Å"For what happened to Haden†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Camilla nodded, looking away too. Then she shook her head, and stood up. â€Å"Shut up. Shut the hell up, you psycho! You†¦ monster! I hate you, and this is your entire fault that Haden is dead! You’re a murderer!† Now it was Cristofer’s turn to be angry. â€Å"What? I don’t think I’m the one that shot him! It was that idiot Seth’s fault. You know†¦ your boyfriend?† Camilla shook her head, turning away. Her voice was cold. â€Å"He’s not my boyfriend. He’s not even my friend.† â€Å"Which is, of course, opposed to Haden?† Cristofer smirked. Camilla sighed, and walked away, but Cristofer yelled, â€Å"Wait, I’m sorry!† Camilla turned around and walked slowly back. â€Å"Say that again?† Cristofer muttered, â€Å"Oh, don’t get me started. I’m sorry, all right? I guess, yeah, I loved power†¦ but I am definitely not a murderer†¦ I’m nothing like my idiotic father.† Now Camilla was very confused. â€Å"What? I thought you would give your life up to be exactly like old Daddy. Guess I was wrong?† Cristofer laughed. â€Å"Guess you were. Nah, I hated him to death. I just craved power so much I kind of became a bully. But never a murderer. I can promise you that.† Camilla looked down. â€Å"But how can I really trust you, Cristofer?† Cristofer shrugged. â€Å"You can’t. But you could try.† Camilla sighed. â€Å"It’s just so†¦ hard. To trust, I mean†¦ for everything. This world has turned so cruel and hopeless that you can barely try to love again.† Cristofer lifted her chin, looking into her eyes. â€Å"It’s hard to trust, I know, to do any of those things. But if everything was easy, could anyone get anywhere in life? Could we all truly succeed? And yeah, the world is cruel and hopeless, but you’ve just got to make it not cruel and hopeful. ‘Cause when one person makes a difference everything can change. You have to make the love for yourself, Camilla. ‘Cause where there’s darkness, this is always light.† Camilla gaped at him. â€Å"You know, I never knew how deep you were. Kind of reminds of Haden. It’s so sad without him.† Cristofer nodded. â€Å"Hey, Camilla?† Camilla nodded. â€Å"Yeah, Cristofer?† Cristofer laughed. â€Å"Just call me Cris. Anyhow, Camilla? Could we be friends?† Camilla smiled. â€Å"Yeah, sure Cris. Why do you ask? What about your gang?† Cristofer shook his head. â€Å"They’re not my gang. They’re not even my friends. In fact, I’d have to say you’re the first.† Camilla looked down. â€Å"Really?† Cristofer nodded. He smiled at her, and Camilla actually saw a light shine in his eyes. The bloodiness seemed to be gone, and they shone like two crystal diamonds. â€Å"Thanks, Camilla. Haden was right. You really a good and compassionate person.† Camilla smiled back. â€Å"When did he say that?† Cristofer rolled his eyes. â€Å"Long ago, when he I used to hang around. He said that everyone time you left. It got kind of annoying. But to him, it was like he was speaking about love, and what a beautiful and wonderful thing it was. In fact, I think he actually referred to you as love.† Camilla swallowed, as tears filled her eyes. But she smiled. â€Å"Yeah. He was a good guy.† â€Å"He still is,† Cristofer said. Camilla smiled. â€Å"Yeah†¦ because he’s angel.† Cristofer laughed. â€Å"Yeah. I think Haden proved that to us all.† Cristofer then stopped. He leaned close to Camilla. â€Å"You know, Camilla. I’ve heard of God actually giving vampires another chance. The good ones, I mean. Like, they can become human, once they died.† Camilla frowned. â€Å"Hmm? Right, like that’s true. I’m just going to accept the fact that Haden is an angel. Or a ghost. As long as he’s resting in peace and not getting burned up in some flames of hell.† Cristofer smiled. â€Å"Yeah†¦ let’s hope.† Camilla smiled, nudging him. â€Å"We should, because someone told me that there is always hope. In this case, I’m pretty sure he was right.† Cristofer laughed. â€Å"I’m pretty sure too.† Camilla sighed. â€Å"Yeah†¦ there’s always hope.† And as she looked at the dark sky she saw a star glimmer in the distance. That star reminded a lot of the gleam she would always miss seeing in Haden’s eyes. Camilla smiled, thinking of him. â€Å"There’s always hope,† she murmured to herself. â€Å"We should always trust in those words.† And she did.

Comparing The Longest Day with Saving Private Ryan Essay Example

Comparing The Longest Day with Saving Private Ryan Essay Example Comparing The Longest Day with Saving Private Ryan Paper Comparing The Longest Day with Saving Private Ryan Paper Essay Topic: Film The Longest Day was filmed in 1962, and was made to celebrate the victory for the Allies in World War II. All of the stars of the time appeared in it, including John Wayne and Richard Burton. Saving Private Ryan was filmed in 1998, and was purposely made to show how grim and horrific war is, and the director, Stephen Spielberg, researched a lot about the war by interviewing people involved in the specific events during the war. I am going to compare the D-Day sequences from both films, looking at the leaders, sergeants, the importance of individual soldiers and the way the Germans and Americans are filmed. I am also going to compare how each director tells the story using cameras, sound effects, mise-en-scene and editing. In The Longest Day, General Cota leads his men from the front, holding a cigar in his hand, looking rather relaxed. He announces, There it is, men. Omaha Beach and also waves the troops forward. Cota gives the troops a pep talk, as though he knows what to do. He also sends a soldier back through the battle to get his rifle, which tells the audience and the soldiers that he cares, but also is in control. In contrast, Captain Miller leads his men from behind, and seems nervous beforehand when we see his hand shaking to open the water bottle. This is shown to us at the beginning and the end. A lot of the battle is seen through Captain Millers eyes as a POV shot, as though we are Captain Miller, which gives you a good idea about how awful the war was. We do not get this in The Longest Day, as General Cota is seen to be a big hero and cannot put a step wrong. Captain Miller was white faced with fear, and when we see the battle as Captain Miller, most of the noise is shut out due to shell shock, and a soldier is shouting for orders, but is not heard, and then suddenly all the noise floods back to our ears. The Captain then puts his helmet back on to get back into battle, which shows that he snapped out of captain mode for a second, saw the horrific scenery, then remembered he had to be the boss again. The helmet is full of watered-down blood. Captain Millers orders are short and snappy, and very rushed, whereas General Cotas orders were rather long and cheery. We also dont see General Cota with a gun, but we see Captain Miller shooting the enemy. Captain Miller says Quite a view twice, which is usually said when theres beautiful scenery, but in this case he means the complete opposite-total carnage. Theres then a slow panning shot with the first music of the clip, which shows how ugly war really is. The sergeant in The Longest Day raises his hand, and shouts STAND BY! then just jogs behind the troops, copying the General. The sergeant in Saving Private Ryan (Sergeant Horner) is always focused, and just gets on with what he has to do. He says, Were in business! quite often, and there are lots of close ups on his face, showing detachment. He collects soil from Africa, Italy and now France. This is his way o blocking out the horror of the war. War is like a business to Horner, but he is also likeable as he cares about what happens to his men. Both sergeants give clear orders to their troops, and rally their men well. The Longest Day does not really have many individual shots of people; it is mainly midshots of lots of things or a long tracking shot. It is a very short scene compared to Saving Private Ryan, which is ten times longer, and contains a lot of ECUs and CUs, angle shots and tilt shots. At the beginning, we are shown close ups of lots of different soldiers, some being sick, some looking very determined to get out there, which gives us a sense of how they felt before going out to fight. There were lots of different ways in which soldiers die in this horrific film; some were shot down or blown up by bombs. It seemed absolutely terrifying and very painful. This is quite authentic because of the interviews with war veterans Spielberg did before directing the film. The medics are quite brutal, and just stab the wounded with needles loaded with morphine. They didnt have time to save anyone properly, but in The Longest Day, you see medics wrapping a soldiers arm with a clean white bandage, and the soldier was waiting as though his mum was going to come along and kiss it better. Private Jackson, in Saving Private Ryan, is an important character in the film. He is the sniper, and a very religious young man. He kisses the cross on his chain each time he goes to shoot, and also says a prayer beforehand. He carries his rifle in a plastic cover (and his bayonet is bone handled, too) to keep it pristine when he has to start shooting. It has a beautiful leather strap on it which all makes him look a little bit like a war fanatic. Jackson kills the first German, which we see, with this wonderful rifle. The audience feels glad about this: as we see so many of our own men dead, its good to see the opposition go down. The Germans are seen as killing machines in Saving Private Ryan as you see down the barrel of their guns to start with. The first you see of the Germans is when three Germans surrender, and two are shot down. The anger of the troops shows at this point, and also when they put a flamethrower into their trenches, and say, Let them burn! Spielberg is showing that war is beyond civilisation, and that when soldiers have had enough, they will kill others to get their own back. In The Longest Day, the Germans are seen almost the same amount as the American troops, and are filmed from the sides of the trenches for most of the scene. They are seen in mid shots, the same as the Allies, which shows fairness. There were caricatures of stereotypical Germans, like a fat German on a horse and a blonde German trying to run the troops in an office. It does not seem very realistic after seeing Saving Private Ryan. In The Longest Day the shots of guns and bombs seem to be in the background, and cheering of troops along with commands from officers are mainly what is heard. The explosions look feeble in black and white, as there is no brightness to show the effect of the bombs and how big they were. Saving Private Ryan was quite different. There were mainly shots and bombs heard all the way through the dramatic footage, which gives you a real life imitation, as though you were actually there. The contrast of the dull sand and sky and the bright oranges of flame throwers and bombs was very effective as it highlighted the different perspectives on war, the good side, winning, and the dull side, fighting. The cumulative effect of so many different details in this version was brilliant, as it really showed you how awful and unlike normal life war was, and is. It is not to be glorified. Spielberg does a wonderful job in creating an atmosphere where anything and anything could, and did, happen, along with some humour, too. For example, a soldier gets shot on his helmet, and takes it off thinking how lucky he was. He then gets shot in the head when he is holding the helmet in his hands in awe. I think the two films are trying to say different things about war and heroism because of the different purposes. Back in 1962, the war was still quite fresh in peoples minds, and nothing could have been made which would have offended these people. So The Longest Day was made to show how brave and strong the soldiers who fought were, and how much glory there was in the war. Spielberg made Saving Private Ryan to show the true effects of war, and how different individuals handled it. The heroes in The Longest Day were the leaders, but in Saving Private Ryan, most of the men had heroic moments. He was saying that there is no glory in war, but the director of The Longest Day was telling the audience that war could actually solve something.

Trade mark and Copy right Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Trade mark and Copy right - Essay Example Trade marks are registrable at state level and federal level in the U.S. Whenever any one wants to claim some thing as a trademark, he can use the words" TM" next to the trade mark to serve public or competitor as notice of his right over the same whether registered or not. Unregistered trademark is called common law trade mark giving right to the user who is manufacturer or seller by virtue of its use. If it is registered with the U.S. patent and Trademark Office, the symbol can be used beside the trademark and not while the application for trade mark reiteration is pending. Benefits of registering with federal agency are 1) it serves as a constructive notice throughout the country, 2) evidence that it is owned by the user, 3) invocation of federal courts jurisdictions, 4) it can be used for registration in foreign countries, and 5) if registration is field with U.S.customs which will be used for preventing entry of foreign goods infringing trademarks. (FindLaw) The legal basis of Tempur-Basic is that ComfortStep used by Real Man Boot Company is similar to their brand name 'Comfort-step' in their goods. Though it is not registered, they are alleged to be the first ever users of the said name. However close scrutiny of the names reveals that they are not similar. There is a hyphen between the word comfort and step in the claimant's trade mark where as there is no hyphen in the defendant's trade mark. More over goods are also not the same. Whereas the claimant is using it on casual wears, defendants are using it on work boots though both are foot wears. Position would be different had the claimant registered the trade mark stating that they are using in all their goods including boots. The right over the trade mark registered or not is perpetual. Hence claimant can not succeed in their claim. Question 2 A Describe the general duties of a director of a corporation, and the standards that a director is expected to meet in fulfilling those duties. Also describe what factors or interests you can consider in making decisions as a director. Originally, a director was expected to act only in the interest of share holders of the corporation. But of late, it is the acting in the best interest of the corporation that has to be taken into account before considering interest of the share holders. By virtue of section 302 A.251, subd 5, other stake holders' interests have also to be kept in mind by the director. The other stake holders are corporation's bankers, creditors, Government bodies, employees, and environment. The director should be loyal to the corporation by not competing with the corporation's business. Any thing that the director is accessible to in the affairs of the corporation should not be used by the director for self-serving personal enrichment. He is expected neither to use for personal gain nor disclose matters that are confidential to outsiders and rivals. The director must notify any conflicting interest he may be involved on which the company board must decide for the director to continue with or drop i t before taking director ship or before assuming any new role during his directorship. The director has the power to appoint or dismiss the CEO of the corporation and also decide his salaries. The director is responsible to declare dividends, work out strategies, and can restructure corporation's capital structure including class of share

Water is the predominant constituent of all of the bodies tissues Essay

Water is the predominant constituent of all of the bodies tissues. Discuss and compare the roles of water in cellular tissues and the connective tissues - Essay Example However, when an isotonic solution is infused, only 1/4th of the volume infused remains in the intravascular space after some time due to the influence of osmotic and hydrostatic forces. The intravascular compartment contains molecules with large molecular weight which are incapable of crossing the semi permeable plasma membrane due to small size of the pores (www.merckvetmanual.com). These large molecules or colloids exert a force on the membrane due to the difference in osmotic gradient known as the colloidal oncotic pressure (COP). The difference in the COP and the hydrostatic pressure is responsible for the control of the fluid content in the intravascular space and the interstitial compartments. When intravascular hydrostatic pressure rises above the COP, fluid movement occurs in the direction of interstitial space resulting in rehydration or oedema depending on the pre-existing hydration status. Any increase in membrane pore size or high interstitial COP can also contribute to this phenomenon. The evolution of animal life has produced diverse life forms of various Phyla which have habitats as diverse as the depths of oceans to deserts and mountains. This has lead to the development of exclusive water regulatory mechanisms in different species. The mammalian water regulatory mechanisms are more or less uniform in structure, functioning and adaptive mechanisms. Terrestrial life involves the risks of desiccation as well as salt deficiency, which have important roles to play in water regulation of the body (Denton et al, 1996). The hypothalamus in the mid brain and kidneys are the important organs in mammalian species which play vital role in water regulation. In higher vertebrates, the hypothalamus is responsible for triggering and controlling mechanisms in response to external as well as internal disturbances to maintain the body homeostasis internally.

Enhancing community intergration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Enhancing community intergration - Essay Example Kennedy signed the law requiring states to begin investing in community-based mental health programs rather than funding state institutions for treating individuals with mental illness, the promise remains unfulfilled" In the modern times, meaning of community and its involvement is fast thinning. There is no doubt that we live in a deprived sense of 'loss of community'. Sociologists have untiringly pointed out this bereavement of modern times. "Maurice Stein's 1960 review of major sociological and anthropological community studies concludes with the central finding of a disappearance of the sense of community among residents of the towns studies (Stein 1960)," Rossi (2001, p.32). Even though olden days had their share of mental ill health, modern times of stress and strain have thrown up a plethora of mental health problems for people of all ages, especially for the elderly. Mental health problems could be very difficult for the afflicted person and for his family. As it is mostly a life span problem, with certain relief combined with cure, or sometimes simply progressive, the problem has to be faced for years and decades. Mental health problems cannot be faced in isolation. It needs help from family, school, and more importantly from community and society. ... It is not an individual problem either. It is the problem of community and society and should be treated so. Community has to take fair share of its responsibility because a person going through a mental sickness, or being cured and coming out of it, has a right to expect better and more considerate treatment from community around him. Treatment meted out to him by the community will be taken as standard measurement of his achievement in being cured, or the lack of it. Reaction of the community and people around him could send an individual reeling back into serious and more difficult mental problems, or can encourage him to come out of it. Afflicted person in his hopelessness of future and helplessness will be very watchful and wary of people around him. He would clutch at any kindness, but could turn violent or morose at the very hint of discrimination or ridicule. Mary and Andrew are mother and son, and the son is afflicted by the unfortunate Schizophrenia. We learn from his own words that Andrew treats his mental inadequacies as a form of education and a boon. He feels that he would never come out of his childhood, and experiences the complete happiness of childhood any time again, will never ask for better things and get disillusioned. He has his hobbies, his pets, his ideas and in his small world he is happy. Community around him had been understanding and cooperative and there lies the real root of Andrew's fulfilment. Is Andrew deceiving himself or taking a brighter view of his very difficult-to-cure mental problem It could be anything. But the fact remains that Andrew is happy in the small community, in their house along with his mother Mary. He could be blocking out the difficulties of the

A History Of Fly By Wire

A History Of Fly By Wire Abstract This research report provides a historical portrait of the development and implementation of fly-by-wire flight control systems. The report explains to the reader what flight controls are. It provides an overview of major innovations in flight control systems. It then goes on to explain what a fly-by-wire flight control system is and discusses the NASA development program that made fly-by-wire a reality. It then discusses the F-16 Fighting Falcon which was the first mass produced aircraft to utilize a fly-by-wire system. The benefits of fly-by-wire flight control are discussed as is the expansion of fly-by-wire flight control systems into commercial and general aviation. Finally, a conclusion on the substance of this report is provided. 1. Introduction Purpose This historical research report describes the development and implementation of fly-by-wire flight control systems in order to satisfy the formal report requirements outlined in the course syllabus for EGR 3350, Technical Communications for Engineers and Computer Scientists. 1.2 Background Ever since the dawn of powered human flight was realized by Orville and Wilbur Wright in December 1903, engineers and aeronautic innovators have sought to institute more efficient and safer methods of aircraft flight control. The evolution of flight control systems from human powered mechanical linkages to fly-by-wire computer systems constitutes a marvelous display of aeronautical engineering progression. Fly-by-wire flight control systems signaled a great leap in aeronautical thinking and design from mechanical linkage and large hydraulic systems to computer-aided electrical flight control systems. An article by Gray Creech of NASAs Dryden Flight Research Center explains how [1] these systems created enormous benefits for the aerospace industry allowing overall reduction of weight and aircraft system redundancy increasing safety of flight. NASAs fly-by-wire development program was the first program to successfully institute an electrical flight control system without a mechanical b ackup. This programs success led to the first mass produced fly-by-wire aircraft, General Dynamics and Lockheed Martins F-16 Fighting Falcon, the space shuttles fly-by-wire flight control computer, and many other advancements in fly-by-wire flight control that are now being realized in the commercial and general aviation industries. 1.3 Scope This report will explain to the reader what flight control is and detail a brief history of aircraft flight control and the innovations that preceded fly-by-wire system development. This report will then discuss NASAs fly-by-wire development program and the initial deployment of this technology in the F-16 Fighting Falcon. This report will explain the many benefits inherently derived from employing a fly-by-wire flight control system. Finally, this report will detail how this flight control system evolved to be used in the commercial and general aviation industry. This report will not cover future trends of fly-by-wire flight control systems. 2. Discussion 2.1 What is Flight Control? The control of flight of an aircraft is determined by control surfaces on the aircraft body that are adjusted in coordinated movements by a flight control system that orients an aerospace vehicle around three axes of motion. These axes of motion are referred to as yaw, pitch, and roll. Figure 1 illustrates these axes. Figure 1. Aircraft Axes of Motion Dr. William Elliot gives a great synopsis on how these axes of motion are affected by control surfaces. [2] 1. Normal (vertical) axis, perpendicular to the surface of the wings. Movement about the vertical axis in flight is called yaw. In most modern aircraft, stability in yaw is affected by a fixed vertical fin in the rear; active control in yaw is accomplished by a movable rudder fixed behind the vertical fin. 2. Longitudinal axis, passing through the fuselage from front to back. Movement about the longitudinal axis is called roll. Stability in roll is taken care of by wings fixed at a slightly upward angle (dihedral); active flight control in roll is done by flaps (ailerons) behind the outer wings. 3. Lateral (horizontal) axis, passing through the wings approximately from tip to tip. Movement about the horizontal axis is called pitch. Stability in pitch is conferred by a fixed horizontal tailplane; flight control in pitch is accomplished by elevators mounted behind the tailplane. In controlling these surfaces, a pilot utilizes various control mechanisms such as mechanical linkages, hydraulics, trim tabs, actuators, and, in the case of fly-by-wire systems, electricity and computers to create the desired output on the flight control surfaces based on the pilots input. 2.2 Brief History of Flight Control System Progression Dr. Elliot continues to explain that after [2] Glenn Curtisss patent of the aileron, the basics of modern flight control were firmly established, and the result was a standardized cable-operated control system. [2] In this standard arrangement, a single control column (or stick) was used to operate both elevators and ailerons through a series of cables and pulleys; in a similar fashion, the rudder was moved by foot pedals. The physical strength of the pilot was all that was required to augment these control surfaces in flight for slow moving aircraft. The physical limitations of pilots began to be realized as aircraft became faster and heavier. [2] This problem was initially solved by the installation of small flaps (tabs) on primary control surfaces. These surfaces utilized the airflow acting on the tabs to move the main control surface they were attached to. The development of automatic piloting systems was also on going at this time and [2] steady advances in autopilot technology led to the development of mechanical boosters to assist pilots in moving control surfaces of very large aircraft. [2] Successive aircraft produced during the late 1940s and early 1950s continued to make great advances in hydro-mechanical flight control systems. [3] During this time period hydro-mechanical control systems developed into 3000 psi hydraulic systems as seen in Figure 2. Figure 2. Flight Control System Innovation Timeline [3] Technology Military Commercial Un-Powered: 1910s 1920s Powered Boost: 1940s 1940s 3000 psi Hydraulics: 1940s 1950s Auto Pilots: 1950s 1950s Fully Powered, w/*Reversion: 1950s 1960s (Boeing 727) Fully Powered, w/out *Reversion: 1950s (B-47) 1970 (Boeing 747) Fly-By-Wire: 1970s (F-16) 1980s (A-320) Digital Fly-by-Wire: 1970s 1980s (A-320) 5000 psi Hydraulics: 1990s (V-22) 2005 (A-380) Power-By-Wire: 2006 (F-35) 2005 (A-380) *Reversion: Servo actuators unlock allowing pilot mechanical control. [3] Figure 2 details the engineering progression of flight control systems over the last 100 years. Interestingly, prior to the institution of fly-by-wire flight control systems, [2] artificial feel systems were incorporated in flight control systems to necessitate the need for pilots to feel as though they were still mechanically connected to the aircraft flight control system even though hydraulic systems broke this connection between pilot and control surface. These advancements in flight control technology culminated in the desire for an electrical means of flight control system execution. 2.3 What is a Fly-By-Wire (FBW) Flight Control System? [2] Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) defines FBW as a flight control system wherein vehicle control information is transmitted completely by electrical means. A FBW control system is a computer system that monitors pilot control inputs, various parameters such as airspeed, altitude and angle-of-attack, and outputs flight control surface movements with the objective of keeping the aircraft within its designated flight envelope. Literally, this computer interprets electrical signals via pilot control and sensor input and outputs electrical signals to actuate the corresponding control surface in order to achieve the desired flight orientation. The flight envelope refers to the safe operating characteristics an aircraft is designed to fly at given different speeds, altitudes and other variables. The actuation of a fly-by-wire system is effectively the same for all such systems, namely; the system employs electrical signal inputs to create electrical signal outputs. However, these systems can be deployed with a varying array of design elements or control law algorithms that decide how the system will react in a given situation as well as what entity, human or computer, has superior control of the aircraft at a given time. This subject will be elaborated on in a later section. 2.4 NASAs Digital Fly-By-Wire (DFBW) Development Program On May 25, 1972 at NASAs Dryden Flight Research Center, the first flight to successfully demonstrate a digital FBW flight control system without a mechanical backup was conducted. [1] Support for the concept at NASA Headquarters came from Neil Armstrong, himself a former research pilot at Dryden. He served in NASAs Office of Advanced Research and Technology following his historic Apollo 11 lunar landing and knew electronic control systems from his days training in and operating Apollo spacecraft. Armstrong suggested that the Dryden DFBW team adapt an Apollo program digital flight control computer. It wasnt long, however, before the DFBW program developed a digital flight control computer that significantly advanced the state of the art. This was demonstrated by the fact that for the Space Shuttle, designers turned to the DFBW program for a flight computer for the Orbiters. The result was a classic case of in-house technology transfer. The original digital flight control computer deve lopment from Apollo proceeded to the DFBW program and then back again into space aboard the Shuttle. The program utilized a Navy F-8C Crusader for testing which incorporated the use of computers in making the flight control surface deflections that corresponded to the pilot input. [3] NASAs DFBW program, consisting of 210 flights, lasted 13 years. Figure 3 [6] shows the avionics bay of the test aircraft where the computers that managed the flight control system were installed. Figure 3. F-8C Test Aircraft Avionics Bay 2.5 F-16 Fighting Falcon Originally developed by General Dynamics and now produced by Lockheed Martin, the F-16 was the first mass produced aircraft to use a FBW flight control system. The F-16 has seen multiple upgrades since its service debut in the 1970s. These upgrades are typically called blocks and are designated by a number. In the F-16s case, [4] the F-16 A/B model consists of blocks 1, 5, 10, 15, 15OCU, and 20 while the F-16 C/D model consists of blocks 25, 30, 32, 40, 42, 50, and 52. There also is F-16 E/F block 60 models developed for the United Arab Emirates, an F-16 MLU (Mid Life Update) block, and various other F-16 models developed for special purposes or foreign customers. These blocks signaled upgrades in areas such as avionics, engines, engine inlet area, and weapons capabilities to name a few. According to Joe Sambor, a Lockheed Martin aero field service engineer, [5] all F-16 block designations developed prior to block 40 utilized analog flight control computers while all later blocks in cluding block 40 utilized digital flight control computers. The difference between analog and digital computers lies in the way they process information. Analog computers work in a continuous time environment where data can take on an infinite set of values which results in no loss of transmitted data; however, its implementation is cumbersome requiring an extensive hardware configuration. Moreover, this hardware configuration is difficult to upgrade. Digital systems operate in a discrete time environment where data values are finite. Loss of data is augmented by high resolution and sampling rates which effectively renders data transmission loss negligible. The benefit in system implementation is mainly software based providing smooth transitions for system upgrades and reduction in overall system cost and maintenance. The F-16 utilizes four separate flight control computer systems which work together to select the proper flight response output at any given time. This flight control configuration is considered practically immune to failure as long as power is applied to the aircraft. 2.6 Benefits of Fly-By-Wire Flight Control Systems One of the great benefits FBW technology brings to the aviation industry is the ability for aerospace engineers to design an aircraft to be inherently unstable allowing for increased maneuverability. Prior to FBW, aircraft had to be designed to inherently want to return to straight and level flight. This meant that maneuverability was diminished due to the fact that, in order for the aircraft to maneuver, the aircraft had to first overcome its inherently designed stability. FBW systems are able to monitor aircraft flight in real time allowing aircraft that could never fly with simply the skill of the pilot because of the aircrafts instability the ability to take to the skies. Also, [6] aircraft weight is reduced with the removal of mechanical linkages and reduction in hydraulic system components. Enhanced safety is provided by the redundancy design of electrical circuits as well as the computers ability to respond to an adverse flight condition much faster than a pilot. The overall c ost of the system is reduced as less hardware and mechanical parts are required, fuel efficiency of the aircraft is increased, and passengers experience greater comfort derived from the increased aircraft handling characteristics. Furthermore, the system can be designed to control the flight envelope keeping the pilot from making control inputs that would put the aircraft outside its safe operating capability. Also, digital FBW control systems can accept input from any aircraft sensor reducing rigidity constraints in system design. 2.7 Expansion of Fly-By-Wire Systems in Aviation Currently, DFBW flight control systems are available in every aspect of government, military, and commercial aviation. These systems are deployed on helicopters, fighter jets, stealth bombers, and commercial airliners. Even general aviation is starting to see the benefits that DFBW technology has to offer. Mark Tatge, a writer for Forbes magazine, explains that [7] small-piston aircraft and business jets are undergoing a radical upgrade. Digital technology developed for combat fighters and commercial aircraft 20 years ago is finally making its way into the cockpits of small aircraft, often at a fraction of the cost of the electronics currently installed in Boeing jumbo jets. Major airlines like Airbus and Boeing have already begun moving their fleets toward the DFBW domain. Airbus made this move with its A320 aircraft, [6] the first commercial airliner to have DFBW technology. Boeing subsequently followed suit by employing DFBW technology on its 777 and 787 aircraft models. It is interesting to note however, that Airbus and Boeing differ in the employment of their respective DFBW flight control systems and algorithm control laws. An article written by Brian Palmer summarizes the differences between the two aircraft manufacturers. Palmer explains that [8] Airbus employs a joystick that electrically connects the pilots input to the flight controls where Boeing employs the standard yoke that still uses cables to deliver pilot input commands. Airbus also utilizes control algorithms called flight envelope protection that keeps the aircraft from flying outside its designed operating area. Boeing gives more latitude to the pilot in being able to push the envelo pe when appropriate. Palmer also goes on to explain how [8] it is unclear as to whether flight envelope protection makes air travel safer. Palmer cites two aircraft incidents; namely, China Airlines Flight 006 and the crash of an American Airlines jet in November 2001 where flight envelope protection could have hindered the aircraft flight control recovery or could have prevented the crash, respectively. 3. Conclusion 3.1 Summary The employment of flight control systems over the past one hundred years has seen quantum leaps in the design and theory behind how a pilot actually controls the flight of an aerospace vehicle. DFBW technology has exponentially increased the safety of flight for millions of people. This area of engineering owes its continued refinement and evolution to countless individuals and organizations who have taken on the challenge of developing the control systems that advance the safety and efficiency of flight. It is amazing to look back in history on the evolution of aerospace vehicles and recount that within fifty years of human beings first successfully completing powered flight that autopilots were flying planes without human pilot commands from Canada to England. That physical power of flight controls was supplanted by hydraulic actuation which in turn was augmented with electrical circuits. That the advent of seemingly unrelated hardware such as microprocessors and logic circuits wou ld have such a profound place in designing an aircraft to fly. That the innovators in this field had the vision and courage to trust their knowledge and engineering skill in putting the lives of capable pilots in the hands of a computer system. The flight control systems currently deployed in aviation constitute some the most well engineered, capable and, failure resistant electrical systems ever created. However, it should be noted that such systems seem to still be in their adolescence and much discovery and improvement is left to the next generation who endeavors to improve upon and invent the future of aerospace flight control systems. Sources Cited [1] Creech, Gray. Digital Fly By Wire: Aircraft Flight Control Comes of Age. http://www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/improvingflight/fly_by_wire.html. Jim Wilson. NASA Dryden Flight Research Center, September 30, 2007. Internet. October 24, 2012. [2] Elliot, Dr. William. The Development of Fly-By-Wire Flight Control. Air Force Material Command: Office of History, AFMC Historical Study No. 7, December 1996. Print. [3] Greetham, Tom. Evolution of Powered Flight Controls. http://mae.osu.edu/sites/mae.web.engadmin.ohiostate.edu/files/uploads/ME888Presentations/evolution_of_powered_flight_controls_seminar.pdf, February 10, 2012. Accessed November 10, 2012. Internet. [4] F-16.Net. Production Blocks and Experimental Versions. http://www.f-16.net/f-16_versions.html. Accessed December 2, 2012. Internet. [5] Sambor, Joe. F-16.Net Forum. http://www.f-16.net/f-16_forum_viewtopic-t-6605.html, October 22, 2006. Accessed December 2, 2012. Internet. [6] Philippe, Christian. The Impact of Control Technology. T. Samad and A.M. Annaswamy (eds.), IEEE Control Systems Society, 2011. Internet. October 23, 2012. [7] Tatge, Mark. Fly By Wire. http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2005/1128/083.html. November 11, 2005. Accessed December 2, 2012. Internet. [8] Palmer, Brian. Boeing Vs. Airbus. http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2011/07/boeing_vs_airbus.html. July 11, 2011. Accessed December 2, 2012. Internet.